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Thirdly, also in 1830, Richard Roberts patented the first self-acting mule.

Stalybridge mule spinners strike was in 1824,this stimulated research into the problem of applying power to the winding stroke of the mule.

 The draw while spinning had been assisted by power, but the push of the wind had been done manually by the spinner; the mule could be operated by semiskilled labor.

Before 1830, the spinner would operate a partially powered mule with a maximum of 400 spindles after, self-acting mules with up to 1300 spindles could be built.

The industrial revolution changed the nature of work and society 

The three key drivers in these changes were textile manufacturing, iron founding and steam power. 

The geographical focus of textile manufacture in Britain was Manchester, England and the small towns of the Pennines and southern Lancashire.

Textile production in England peaked in 1926, and as mills were decommissioned, many of the scrapped mules and looms were bought up and reinstated in India.

By the late 1980s, the apparel segment was no longer the largest market for fibre products, with industrial and home furnishings together representing a larger proportion of the fibre market.

Industry integration and global manufacturing led to many small firms closing for good during the 1970s and 1980s in the United States; during those decades, 95 percent of the looms in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia shut down, and Alabama and Virginia also saw many factories close.

However, the Arrangement was not negative for all developing countries.

For example, the European Union (EU) imposed no restrictions or duties on imports from the very poor countries, such as Bangladesh, leading to a massive expansion of the industry there.

At the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Uruguay Round, it was decided to bring the textile trade under the jurisdiction of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing provided for the gradual dismantling of the quotas that existed under the MFA.

This process was completed on 1 January 2005. However, large tariffs remain in place on many textile products.

Bangladesh was expected to suffer the most from the ending of the MFA, as it was expected to face more competition, particularly from China.

However, this was not the case.

It turns out that even in the face of other economic giants, Bangladesh’s labor is “cheaper than anywhere else in the world.”

While some smaller factories were documented making pay cuts and layoffs, most downsizing was essentially speculative – the orders for goods kept coming even after the MFA expired.

In fact, Bangladesh's exports increased in value by about $500 million in 2006.